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world scientist

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1 world scientist

Общая лексика: ученый с мировым именем

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > world scientist
2 world

wə:ld
1. сущ.
1) мир, свет;
вселенная around, round the world ≈ вокруг света to travel around the world ≈ путешествовать вокруг света, путешествовать по миру to bring into the world ≈ произвести на свет, родить to see the world ≈ повидать мир New World ≈ Новый свет, Америка Old World ≈ Старый свет world over ≈ во всем мире, в целом мире, по всему миру outside world ≈ внешний мир next world ≈ потусторонний мир worlds apart ≈ очень далеко world at large, whole world, entire world ≈ весь мир
2) общество great world ≈ светское общество
3) определенная сфера деятельности, мир the world of letters ≈ литературный мир the world of music ≈ мир музыки the world of sport ≈ спортивный мир financial world ≈ деловой мир scientific world ≈ научный мир
4) мир, царство the animal world ≈ животный мир the vegetable world ≈ растительный мир
5) период истории There are many problems in the modern world. ≈ В современном мире очень много проблем. ancient world ≈ древний мир medieval world ≈ средневековье modern world ≈ современность
6) кругозор, мир His world is a very narrow one. ≈ Его кругозор очень узок.
7) куча, множество He has had a world of troubles. ≈ У него была пропасть хлопот.
8) служит для усиления a world too ≈ слишком What in the world does he mean? ≈ Что, наконец, он хочет сказать? ∙ to come down in the world ≈ опуститься, утратить былое положение to come up in the world, to rise in the world ≈ сделать карьеру to think the world (of smb.) ≈ быть очень высокого мнения о ком-л. he would give the world to know ≈ он бы все отдал, только бы узнать all the world and his wife ≈ все без исключения;
все светское общество for all the world like ≈ похожий во всех отношениях for all the world as if ≈ точно так, как если бы how goes the world with you? ≈ как ваши дела?
2. прил.
1) всемирный, мировой;
охватывающий весь мир world championship ≈ первенство мира world line-up ≈ расстановка сил в мире world market ≈ мировой рынок world outlook, view ≈ мировоззрение, миропонимание world peace ≈ мир во всем мире world problems ≈ мировые проблемы world trade ≈ международная торговля
2) известный во всем мире world scientist ≈ ученый с мировым именем мир, свет, земля, земной шар - the whole /entire/ * весь мир - to bring into the * произвести на свет, родить - to come into the * появиться на свет, родиться - a citizen of the * гражданин мира, космополит - the * over, all over the * во всем мире, по всему миру - a journey round the * кругосветное путешествие - *'s fair всемирная выставка планета - are there any other inhabited *s? есть ли еще обитаемые миры, кроме нашего? мир, вселенная часть земного шара - the Third W. countries страны "третьего мира" - the Old W. Старый Свет - the New W. Новый Свет население земного шара, человечество сфера, область - the * of books мир книг - the scientific * научный мир - the * of commerce мир коммерции мир, царство - the animal * животный мир период истории - the ancient * древний мир жизнь( человека) - to begin the * вступить в жизнь - to begin the * anew начать новую жизнь - to have the * before one иметь перед собой всю жизнь;
у него все впереди - to take the * as it is /as one finds it/ приспосабливаться к жизни;
воспринимать мир таким, каков он есть - to let the * slide не стараться переделать жизнь /мир/, не идти против течения;
пренебрегать условностями - to know the * иметь опыт, знать жизнь - to come up /to rise, to make one's way/ in the * сделать карьеру, преуспеть в жизни - to come /to go/ down in the * утратить прежнее положение в обществе - how is the * using you?, how goes the * with you? (разговорное) как дела?, как живете? - the * goes very well with me( разговорное) у меня все в порядке, я живу хорошо - so goes /wags/ the * (разговорное) такова жизнь окружающая среда;
мир, мирок;
круг (знакомых и т. п.) - her middle-class * ее мещанский мирок, ее мелкобуржуазное окружение - I do not move in his * я не принадлежу к его кругу общество - the great *, the * of fashion высший свет - all the * and his wife "весь свет" - he lives out of the * он редко бывает в обществе - what will the * say? какова будет реакция общественности? - all the * knows that... всем известно, что... (разговорное) множество, масса, уйма - a * of faults уйма недостатков - a * of waters необозримая водная гладь /ширь/ - a * of money бешеные деньги - to bring upon oneself a * of trouble навлечь на себя массу неприятностей - to think the * of smb. быть чрезвычайно высокого мнения о ком-л. - the holiday did me a * /worlds/ of good отпуск принес мне огромную пользу - it makes a * of difference это совсем иное дело - they are *s apart между ними лежит пропасть (религия) мир, свет - to forsake the * отказаться /уйти/ от мира;
постричься в монахи - to go to a better * уйти в лучший мир /на тот свет/ - the other /the next/ *, the * to come тот свет, загробная жизнь - this * этот свет, этот (бренный) мир (в противоп. потустороннему миру) - in this * and the next на этом и на том свете - he is not long for this * он не жилец на этом свете - the lower /the nether/ * преисподняя, ад;
земля (в противоп. небесам) ;
этот свет в эмоц.-усил. значении: - what in the * did he mean? что же он хотел сказать? - who in the * is that fellow? кто бы это мог быть? - I do not know what in the * to do with it ума не приложу, что с этим делать - for all the * like похожий во всех отношениях - for all the * as if точно так, как если бы - to the * крайне, чрезвычайно - tired to the * устал до смерти - drunk to the * мертвецки пьян > on top of the * на вершине счастья;
вне себя от радости и т. п. > out of this * необычайный, изумительный, замечательный > her voice is simply out of this * у нее великолепный голос > she had a figure which was out of this * такой фигуры, как у нее, свет не видывал > * without end (церковное) во веки веков > not for the * ни в коем случае;
ни за что на свете > he would give the * to know that он отдал бы все на свете, чтобы узнать это;
ему страстно хочется узнать об этом > to make the best of both *s иметь и то, и другое (без необходимости выбора) > to carry the * before one преуспеть в жизни;
добиться быстрого и полного успеха > dead to the * ничего не замечающий;
не реагирующий на окружающее( о спящем, пьяном и т. п.) > the * is his oyster перед ним открыты все двери > it's a small * мир тесен относящийся ко всему миру, всемирный, мировой - a * championship первенство мира охватывающий весь мир - * peace мир во всем мире известный во всем мире - * scientist ученый с мировым именем ~ мир, царство;
the animal (vegetable) world животный (растительный) мир ~ outlook (или view) мировоззрение, миропонимание;
to begin the world вступать в новую жизнь;
not for the world ни за что на свете ~ мир, свет;
вселенная;
to bring into the world произвести на свет, родить;
the Old World Старый свет;
the New World Новый свет business ~ деловой мир to come up( или to rise) in the ~ сделать карьеру;
out of this world разг. великолепный corporate ~ деловой мир developing ~ развивающиеся страны the lower ~ преисподняя, ад;
to the world sl. крайне, совершенно;
drunk to the world = мертвецки пьян financial ~ финансовые круги for all the ~ as if точно так, как если бы;
how goes the world with you? как ваши дела?;
to know the world иметь опыт all the ~ and his wife все светское общество;
for all the world like похожий во всех отношениях fourth ~ страны с крайне низким уровнем жизни fourth ~ четвертый мир ~ общество;
the great world светское общество ~ множество, куча;
he has had a world of troubles у него была пропасть хлопот not of this ~ = не от мира сего;
he would give the world to know он бы все отдал, только бы узнать world мир, кругозор;
his world is a very narrow one его кругозор (или мирок) очень узок for all the ~ as if точно так, как если бы;
how goes the world with you? как ваши дела?;
to know the world иметь опыт for all the ~ as if точно так, как если бы;
how goes the world with you? как ваши дела?;
to know the world иметь опыт the lower ~ преисподняя, ад;
to the world sl. крайне, совершенно;
drunk to the world = мертвецки пьян not of this ~ = не от мира сего;
he would give the world to know он бы все отдал, только бы узнать to come up (или to rise) in the ~ сделать карьеру;
out of this world разг. великолепный so goes (или wags) the ~ такова жизнь;
to come down in the world опуститься, утратить былое положение to think the ~ (of smb.) быть очень высокого мнения (о ком-л.) ;
world without end на веки вечные third ~ развивающиеся страны third ~ третий мир the lower ~ преисподняя, ад;
to the world sl. крайне, совершенно;
drunk to the world = мертвецки пьян western ~ западный мир ~ служит для усиления: what in the world does he mean? что, наконец, он хочет сказать?;
a world too слишком world мир, кругозор;
his world is a very narrow one его кругозор (или мирок) очень узок ~ мир, царство;
the animal (vegetable) world животный (растительный) мир ~ мир, свет;
вселенная;
to bring into the world произвести на свет, родить;
the Old World Старый свет;
the New World Новый свет ~ мир ~ множество, куча;
he has had a world of troubles у него была пропасть хлопот ~ общество;
the great world светское общество ~ определенная сфера деятельности, мир;
the world of letters (of sport) литературный (спортивный) мир ~ служит для усиления: what in the world does he mean? что, наконец, он хочет сказать?;
a world too слишком the ~ at large весь мир;
the world over во всем мире, в целом мире ~ attr. мировой, всемирный;
world problems мировые проблемы;
world peace мир во всем мире ~ line-up расстановка сил в мире;
world market мировой рынок;
world trade международная торговля ~ определенная сфера деятельности, мир;
the world of letters (of sport) литературный (спортивный) мир ~ outlook (или view) мировоззрение, миропонимание;
to begin the world вступать в новую жизнь;
not for the world ни за что на свете the ~ at large весь мир;
the world over во всем мире, в целом мире ~ attr. мировой, всемирный;
world problems мировые проблемы;
world peace мир во всем мире ~ attr. мировой, всемирный;
world problems мировые проблемы;
world peace мир во всем мире ~ служит для усиления: what in the world does he mean? что, наконец, он хочет сказать?;
a world too слишком to think the ~ (of smb.) быть очень высокого мнения (о ком-л.) ;
world without end на веки вечные WorldBanking World "Банковский мир" (журнал, издаваемый в Великобритании)

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > world
3 scientist

1. n учёный

bench scientist — кабинетный учёный

a crackpot scientist — спятивший учёный

investigative scientist — пытливый учёный

world scientist — учёный с мировым именем

top-flight scientist — первоклассный учёный

2. n научный работник

research scientist — научный сотрудник, занимающийся исследовательской работой

associate scientist — младший научный сотрудник

cosmetic scientist — научный работник в области косметики

perfumery scientist — научный работник в области парфюмерии

3. n разг. преподаватель физики, химии, математики

Синонимический ряд:

1. holder of doctoral degree (noun) doctor; expert; holder of doctoral degree; professor; scholar; specialist

2. specialist in any science (noun) investigator; laboratory technician; learned person; physicist; research worker; researcher of natural science; savant; specialist in any science

English-Russian base dictionary > scientist
4 scientist

учёный; специалист; научный работник

world scientist — учёный с мировым именем

top-flight scientist — первоклассный учёный

hard scientist — специалист в области естественных наук

computing scientist — специалист по вычислительным системам

he is a budding scientist — из него выйдет настоящий учёный

English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > scientist
5 world

1. [wɜ:ld] n
1. 1) мир, свет, земля, земной шар

the whole /entire/ world - весь мир

to bring into the world - произвести на свет, родить

to come into the world - появиться на свет, родиться

a citizen of the world - гражданин мира, космополит

the world over, all over the world - во всём мире, по всему миру

a journey round the world - кругосветное путешествие

world's fair - всемирная выставка

2) планета

are there any other inhabited worlds? - есть ли ещё обитаемые миры, кроме нашего?

3) мир, вселенная

4) часть земного шара

the Third World countries - страны «третьего мира»

the Old World - Старый Свет

the New World - Новый Свет

5) население земного шара, человечество

2. сфера, область

the world of books [of art, of music] - мир книг [искусства, музыки]

the scientific world - научный мир

the world of commerce - мир коммерции

3. мир, царство

the animal [the vegetable] world - животный [растительный] мир

4. период истории

the ancient [the medieval] world - древний [средневековый] мир

5. 1) жизнь ( человека)

to begin the world - вступить в жизнь

to begin the world anew - начать новую жизнь

to have the world before one - иметь перед собой всю жизнь; ≅ у него всё впереди

to take the world as it is /as one finds it/ - приспосабливаться к жизни; воспринимать мир таким, каков он есть

to let the world slide - а) не стараться переделать жизнь /мир/, не идти против течения; б) пренебрегать условностями

to know the world - иметь опыт, знать жизнь

to come up /to rise, to make one's way/ in the world - сделать карьеру, преуспеть в жизни

to come /to go/ down in the world - утратить прежнее положение в обществе

how is the world using you?, how goes the world with you? - разг. как дела?, как живёте?

the world goes very well with me - разг. у меня всё в порядке, я живу хорошо

so goes /wags/ the world - разг. такова жизнь

2) окружающая среда; мир, мирок; круг (знакомых и т. п.)

her middle-class world - её мещанский мирок, её мелкобуржуазное окружение

I do not move in his world - я не принадлежу к его кругу

6. общество

the great world, the world of fashion - высший свет

all the world and his wife - «весь свет»

he lives out of the world - он редко бывает в обществе

what will the world say? - какова будет реакция общественности?

all the world knows that... - всем известно, что...

7. разг. множество, масса, уйма

a world of faults - уйма недостатков

a world of waters - необозримая водная гладь /ширь/

a world of money - бешеные деньги

to bring upon oneself a world of trouble - навлечь на себя массу неприятностей

to think the world of smb. - быть чрезвычайно высокого мнения о ком-л.

the holiday did me a world /worlds/ of good - отпуск принёс мне огромную пользу

it makes a world of difference - это совсем иное дело

they are worlds apart - между ними лежит пропасть

8. рел. мир, свет

to forsake the world - отказаться /уйти/ от мира; постричься в монахи

to go to a better world - уйти в лучший мир /на тот свет/

the other /the next/ world, the world to come - тот свет, загробная жизнь

this world - этот свет, этот (бренный) мир (в противоп. потустороннему миру)

in this world and the next - на этом и на том свете

he is not long for this world - он не жилец на этом свете

the lower /the nether/ world - а) преисподняя, ад; б) земля (в противоп. небесам); этот свет

9. эмоц.-усил.:

what in the world did he mean? - что же он хотел сказать?

who in the world is that fellow? - кто бы это мог быть?

I do not know what in the world to do with it - ума не приложу, что с этим делать

for all the world like - похожий во всех отношениях

for all the world as if - точно так, как если бы

to the world - крайне, чрезвычайно

tired to the world - устал до смерти

drunk to the world - мертвецки пьян

♢ on top of the world - на вершине счастья; вне себя от радости и т. п.

out of this world - необычайный, изумительный, замечательный

her voice is simply out of this world - у неё великолепный голос

she had a figure which was out of this world - такой фигуры, как у неё, свет не видывал

world without end - церк. во веки веков

not for the world - ни в коем случае; ни за что на свете

he would give the world to know that - он отдал бы всё на свете, чтобы узнать это, ему страстно хочется узнать об этом

to make the best of both worlds - иметь и то и другое ( без необходимости выбора)

to carry the world before one - преуспеть в жизни; добиться быстрого и полного успеха

dead to the world - ничего не замечающий; не реагирующий на окружающее (о спящем, пьяном и т. п.)

the world is his oyster - перед ним открыты все двери

it's a small world - мир тесен
2. [wɜ:ld] a
1. относящийся ко всему миру, всемирный, мировой

a world championship - первенство мира

2. охватывающий весь мир

world peace - мир во всём мире

3. известный во всём мире

world scientist - учёный с мировым именем

НБАРС > world
6 world

1. сущ.
1)

а) общ. мир, свет; вселенная

the whole [entire\] world — весь мир

to travel around the world — путешествовать вокруг света, путешествовать по миру

б) общ. население земного шара, человечество

в) общ. планета; мир

Are there any other inhabited worlds? — Есть ли еще обитаемые миры, кроме нашего?

2) общ. (группа стран, регион; часть земного шара)

the Third World countries — страны третьего мира

the Old World — Старый Свет

the New World — Новый Свет

See:

First World, Second World, Third World, Fourth World

3) общ. сфера, область ( деятельности)

the world of sport, the sports world — спортивный мир

scientific world — научный мир

4) общ. мир, царство

the animal [the vegetable\] world — животный [растительный\] мир

wild world — мир дикой природы

5) общ. период истории

the ancient [the medieval\] world — древний [средневековый\] мир

6)

а) общ. жизнь ( отдельного человека)

to know the world — иметь опыт, знать жизнь

to come up [to rise, to make one's way\] in the world — сделать карьеру, преуспеть в жизни

б) общ. мир, мирок; круг (знакомых и т. п.); окружающая среда

to live in your own little world — жить в своем собственном маленьком мирке

7) общ. общество

the great world — высший свет

8) общ. множество, масса, уйма

a world of faults — уйма недостатков
2. прил.
1) общ. всемирный, мировой; относящийся ко всему миру

world championship — первенство [чемпионат\] мира

world market — мировой рынок

world oil market — мировой рынок нефти

See:

world commerce, world economy, world experience, world government, World Island, world market, world marketing, world money, World Ocean, world organization, world outlook, world output, world price, world shop, world trade, world view, world water balance, World Development Indicators, World Economic Climate, World Economic Outlook, World Economic Survey, World Equity Benchmark Shares, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, World Trade Agreement, World Association of Opinion and Marketing Research Professionals, World Association of Public Opinion Research, World Bank, World Confederation of Labour, World Congresses of Accounting Historians, World Court, World Customs Organization, World Federation, World Federation of Scientific Workers, World Federation of Trade Unions, World Food Programme, World Gold Council, World Health Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization, World Trade Club, World Trade Organization, World Zionist Conference

2) общ. известный во всем мире; распространенный во всем мире

world scientist — ученый с мировым именем

world peace — мир во всем мире

Syn:

world-famous, world-known, world-wide

See:

world citizen, world war, World Citizen Registry

Англо-русский экономический словарь > world
7 world

n

1) світ, всесвіт

the whole world — весь світ

all the world over, all over the world — в усьому світі, по всьому світу

a journey round the world — кругосвітня (навколосвітня) подорож

2) сфера, галузь; кола

the world of commerce — комерційні кола, торговельний світ

3) період історії

the ancient world — стародавній світ

4) життя (людини)

to begin the world — вступати в життя

how goes the world with you? — як поживаєте?, як ваші справи?

so goes the world — розм. отаке життя

5) світ, царство

the animal world — тваринний світ

6) світ, кругозір

his world is narrow — його кругозір вузький (обмежений)

7) товариство, середовище, суспільство

8) розм. безліч, багато; купа, сила-силенна

a world of faults — безліч недоліків

a world of money — шалені гроші

W. Bank — Міжнародний (Світовий) банк

world champion — чемпіон світу

world championship — першість світу

world record — світовий рекорд

world record-breaker — рекордсмен світу

world sadness — філос. світова скорбота

world series — спорт. щорічний чемпіонат з бейсболу (у США)

world spirit — філос. світовий дух

world view — світогляд

world war — світова війна

W. War I (II) — перша (друга) світова війна

not for the world — ні за що в світі

on top of the world — на вершині щастя

out of this world — божественний, чудовий, прекрасний

the Old (the New) W. — Старий (Новий) світ

to bring into the world — народити

to come into the world — народитися, з'явитися на світ

to know the world — мати досвід

what in the world does he mean? — що він, власне, хоче сказати?

world without end — на віки вічні; навіки-віків

* * *
I n
1) світ, земля, земна куля

to bring into the world — народити

to come into the world — з'явитися на світ, народитися

a citizen of the world — громадянин світу, космополіт

the world over, all over the world — по всьому світу

a journey round the world — кругосвітня подорож

world's fair — всесвітня виставка; планета; світ, всесвіт; частина земної кулі

the Third World countries — країни "третього світу"

the Old World — Старий Світ

the New World — Новий Світ; населення земної кулі, людство

2) сфера, галузь

the world of books [of art, of music] — світ книг [мистецтва, музики]

the scientific world — науковий світ

3) світ, царство

the animal [the vegetable] world — тваринний [рослинний]світ

4) період історії

the ancient [the medieval] world — древній [середньовічний]світ

5) життя ( людини)

to begin the world — вступити в життя

to begin the world anew — розпочати нове життя

to have the world before one — мати перед собою все життя; = у нього все попереду

to take the world as it is /as one finds it/ — пристосовуватися до життя; сприймати світ таким, який він є

to let the world slide — не намагатися переробити життя /світ/, не йти проти течії; нехтувати умовностями

to know the world — мати досвід, знати життя

to come up /to rise, to make one's way/ in the world — зробити кар'єру

to come /to go/ down in the world — втратити колишнє положення в суспільстві

how is the world using you є, how goes the world with you — є як справиє, як живетеє

the world goes very well with me — у мене все добре

so goes /wags/ the world — таке життя; навколишнє середовище; світ, світок; коло ( знайомих)

her middle-class world — її міщанський світок, її мілко-буржуазне оточення

I do not move in his world — я не належу до його кола

6) суспільство

the great world, the world or fashion — вищий світ

all the world and his wife — "весь світ"

he lives out of the world — він рідко виходить в товариство

what will the world say — є якою буде реакція суспільстває

all the world knows that... — усім відомо, що...

7) безліч, маса

a world of faults — безліч недоліків

a world of money — скажені гроші

to bring upon oneself a world of trouble — накликати на себе масу неприємностей

to think the world of smb — бути надзвичайно високої думки про кого-н.

the holiday did me a world /worlds/ of good — відпустка принесла мені багато користі

it makes a world of difference — це зовсім інша справа

they are worlds apart — між ними лежить прірва

8) peл. світ

to forsake the world — відмовитися /піти/ від світу; постригтися в монахи

to go to a better world — піти у кращий світ /на той світ/; the other /the next/ world, the world to come той світ, загробне життя

this world — цей світ, цей тлінний світ(в протист. потойбічному світу)

in this world and the next — на цьому, на тому світі

the lower /the nether/ world — пекло; земля (в протист. небесам); цей світ

9) емоц.- підсил.

what in the world did he mean — що ж він хотів сказатиє

who in the world is that fellow — є хто б це міг бутиє

I do not know what in the world to do with it — не можу збагнути, що з цим робити

for all the world like — схожий у всіх відношеннях

for all the world as if — точно так, якби

to the world — вкрай, надзвичайно

tired to the world — до смерті втомився

drunk to the world — мертвецьки п'яний

on top of the world — на вершині щастя; не в собі від радощів

out of this world — незвичайний, чудовий

her voice is simply out of this world — у неї чудовий голос

she had a figure which was out of this world — такої фігури, як у неї, світ не ще бачив

world without end — цepк. на віка віків

not for the world — ни в якому разі; ні за що в світі

he would give the world to know that — він віддав би все на світі, щоб дізнатися про це

to make the best of both worlds — мати е те, інше ( без необхідності вибору)

to carry the world before one — досягнути швидкого та повного успіху

dead to the world — що нічого не помічає; що не реагує на оточення (про сплячого, п'яного)

the world is his oyster — перед ним відкриті всі двері

it's a small world — тісний світ
II a
1) що відноситься до всього світу, всесвітній, світовий

a world championship — першість світу

2) що охоплює весь світ

world peace — мир у всьому світі

3) відомий у всьому світі

world scientist — вчений із світовим ім'ям

English-Ukrainian dictionary > world
8 world

I n
1) світ, земля, земна куля

to bring into the world — народити

to come into the world — з'явитися на світ, народитися

a citizen of the world — громадянин світу, космополіт

the world over, all over the world — по всьому світу

a journey round the world — кругосвітня подорож

world's fair — всесвітня виставка; планета; світ, всесвіт; частина земної кулі

the Third World countries — країни "третього світу"

the Old World — Старий Світ

the New World — Новий Світ; населення земної кулі, людство

2) сфера, галузь

the world of books [of art, of music] — світ книг [мистецтва, музики]

the scientific world — науковий світ

3) світ, царство

the animal [the vegetable] world — тваринний [рослинний]світ

4) період історії

the ancient [the medieval] world — древній [середньовічний]світ

5) життя ( людини)

to begin the world — вступити в життя

to begin the world anew — розпочати нове життя

to have the world before one — мати перед собою все життя; = у нього все попереду

to take the world as it is /as one finds it/ — пристосовуватися до життя; сприймати світ таким, який він є

to let the world slide — не намагатися переробити життя /світ/, не йти проти течії; нехтувати умовностями

to know the world — мати досвід, знати життя

to come up /to rise, to make one's way/ in the world — зробити кар'єру

to come /to go/ down in the world — втратити колишнє положення в суспільстві

how is the world using you є, how goes the world with you — є як справиє, як живетеє

the world goes very well with me — у мене все добре

so goes /wags/ the world — таке життя; навколишнє середовище; світ, світок; коло ( знайомих)

her middle-class world — її міщанський світок, її мілко-буржуазне оточення

I do not move in his world — я не належу до його кола

6) суспільство

the great world, the world or fashion — вищий світ

all the world and his wife — "весь світ"

he lives out of the world — він рідко виходить в товариство

what will the world say — є якою буде реакція суспільстває

all the world knows that... — усім відомо, що...

7) безліч, маса

a world of faults — безліч недоліків

a world of money — скажені гроші

to bring upon oneself a world of trouble — накликати на себе масу неприємностей

to think the world of smb — бути надзвичайно високої думки про кого-н.

the holiday did me a world /worlds/ of good — відпустка принесла мені багато користі

it makes a world of difference — це зовсім інша справа

they are worlds apart — між ними лежить прірва

8) peл. світ

to forsake the world — відмовитися /піти/ від світу; постригтися в монахи

to go to a better world — піти у кращий світ /на той світ/; the other /the next/ world, the world to come той світ, загробне життя

this world — цей світ, цей тлінний світ(в протист. потойбічному світу)

in this world and the next — на цьому, на тому світі

the lower /the nether/ world — пекло; земля (в протист. небесам); цей світ

9) емоц.- підсил.

what in the world did he mean — що ж він хотів сказатиє

who in the world is that fellow — є хто б це міг бутиє

I do not know what in the world to do with it — не можу збагнути, що з цим робити

for all the world like — схожий у всіх відношеннях

for all the world as if — точно так, якби

to the world — вкрай, надзвичайно

tired to the world — до смерті втомився

drunk to the world — мертвецьки п'яний

on top of the world — на вершині щастя; не в собі від радощів

out of this world — незвичайний, чудовий

her voice is simply out of this world — у неї чудовий голос

she had a figure which was out of this world — такої фігури, як у неї, світ не ще бачив

world without end — цepк. на віка віків

not for the world — ни в якому разі; ні за що в світі

he would give the world to know that — він віддав би все на світі, щоб дізнатися про це

to make the best of both worlds — мати е те, інше ( без необхідності вибору)

to carry the world before one — досягнути швидкого та повного успіху

dead to the world — що нічого не помічає; що не реагує на оточення (про сплячого, п'яного)

the world is his oyster — перед ним відкриті всі двері

it's a small world — тісний світ
II a
1) що відноситься до всього світу, всесвітній, світовий

a world championship — першість світу

2) що охоплює весь світ

world peace — мир у всьому світі

3) відомий у всьому світі

world scientist — вчений із світовим ім'ям

English-Ukrainian dictionary > world
9 world

1. n мир, свет, земля, земной шар

the whole world — весь мир

to bring into the world — произвести на свет, родить

to come into the world — появиться на свет, родиться

a citizen of the world — гражданин мира, космополит

to isolate from the whole world — изолировать от всего мира

demand of the peoples of the world — требование народов мира

from a very far part of the world — из далёкого уголка мира

overall alignment of world forces — расстановка сил в мире

heliocentric world system — гелиоцентрическая система мира

2. n планета

are there any other inhabited worlds? — есть ли ещё обитаемые миры, кроме нашего?

danger spots of the world — взрывоопасные точки планеты

3. n мир, вселенная

World cup — кубок Мира

versal world — весь мир

third world — третий мир

arab world — арабский мир

free world — свободный мир

4. n часть земного шара

the Third World countries — страны «третьего мира»

to make a noise in the world — вызывать много шума

halfway around the world — половина земного шара

the five parts of the world — пять частей света

5. n население земного шара, человечество

6. n сфера, область

the world of books — мир книг

7. n мир, царство

the animal world — животный мир

wicked world — грешный мир

naughty world — грешный мир

outside world — внешний мир

spirit world — духовный мир

business world — деловой мир

8. n период истории

the ancient world — древний мир

world history — всемирная история

9. n жизнь

to begin the world — вступить в жизнь

to begin the world anew — начать новую жизнь

to have the world before one — иметь перед собой всю жизнь;

to take the world as it is — приспосабливаться к жизни; воспринимать мир таким, каков он есть

to know the world — иметь опыт, знать жизнь

to come up in the world — сделать карьеру, преуспеть в жизни

to come down in the world — утратить прежнее положение в обществе

how is the world using you?, how goes the world with you? — как дела?, как живёте?

to die to the world — утратить интерес к жизни

the world of spirit — духовный мир, духовная жизнь

rise in the world — сделать карьеру; преуспеть в жизни

come up in the world — сделать карьеру; преуспеть в жизни

10. n окружающая среда; мир, мирок; круг

her middle-class world — её мещанский мирок, её мелкобуржуазное окружение

world games — чемпионат мира

World champion — чемпион мира

external world — внешний мир

Banking World — Банковский Мир

developed world — развитый мир

11. n общество

the great world, the world of fashion — высший свет

all the world and his wife — «весь свет»

he lives out of the world — он редко бывает в обществе

world body — мировое сообщество

world community — мировое сообщество

body of the world — мировое сообщество

the great world — светское общество, высший свет

to come down in the world — потерять положение в обществе

12. n разг. множество, масса, уйма

a world of faults — уйма недостатков

a world of waters — необозримая водная гладь

a world of money — бешеные деньги

to bring upon oneself a world of trouble — навлечь на себя массу неприятностей

the holiday did me a world of good — отпуск принёс мне огромную пользу

13. a относящийся ко всему миру, всемирный, мировой

a world championship — первенство мира

world food security — мировая продовольственная безопасность

veterans of World War II — участники второй мировой войны

quantum of world trade — физический объем мировой торговли

before the foundation of the world — прежде основания мира

looking glass world — мир, где всё наоборот, странный мир

14. a охватывающий весь мир

world peace — мир во всём мире

world champion — чемпион мира

world sharpest — лучший в мире

disarmed world — мир без оружия

the outside world — внешний мир

top of the world — вершина мира

15. a известный во всём мире

world scientist — учёный с мировым именем

World ranking — классификация сильнейших спортсменов мира

the little people of the world — простые люди всего мира

the things of this world — предметы материального мира

Second World — второй мир, индустриальные страны мира

world of commerce — коммерческие круги; торговый мир

Синонимический ряд:

1. atmosphere (noun) ambience; atmosphere; climate; environment; medium; milieu; nature; surroundings

2. earth (noun) biosphere; cradle of humanity; earth; globe; mother earth; orb; planet; spaceship earth; terrestrial sphere; the planet

3. humanity (noun) humanity; mankind; society

4. realm (noun) circle; division; domain; kingdom; province; realm; social milieu; sphere

5. universe (noun) cosmos; creation; kosmos; macrocosm; macrocosmos; megacosm; nature; universe

English-Russian base dictionary > world
10 world

[wɜːld] 1. сущ.
1) мир, свет; вселенная

(a)round the world — вокруг света

to travel around the world — путешествовать вокруг света, путешествовать по миру

to see the world — повидать мир

world over — во всём мире, в целом мире, по всему миру

outside world — внешний мир

next world — потусторонний мир; мир иной

world at large, whole world, entire world — весь мир

- Old World

- New World

Syn:

universe

2) общество; общественность, народ, нация

the great world — светское общество

The scientists announced their discovery to the world. — Учёные сообщили общественности о своём открытии.

Syn:

public 2.

3) судьба, течение жизни, жизнь ( человека); мирок

to live in your own little world — жить в своём собственном маленьком мирке

Syn:

career 1.

4) сфера, область деятельности

the world of letters — литературный мир

the world of music — мир музыки

the world of sport, the sports world — спортивный мир

financial world — деловой мир

5) ( the world) рел. мир, свет, жизнь в миру ( в отличие от монастырской жизни)

6) мир, царство

the animal world — животный мир

the vegetable world — растительный мир

Syn:

kingdom

7) период истории

ancient world — древний мир

medieval world — средневековье

modern world — современность

8) кругозор

His world is a very narrow one. — Его кругозор очень узок.

9) разг. множество, масса, уйма

worlds apart, a world away — за тысячу километров, очень далеко

a world too much — слишком много

These words make a world of difference. — Эти слова совершенно меняют дело.

He has had a world of troubles. — У него была пропасть хлопот.

••

all the world and his wife — брит.; разг. все без исключения

for all the world — в точности, с точностью до миллиметра

to come down in the world — опуститься, утратить былое положение

to come up in the world, to rise in the world — сделать карьеру

to think the world of smb. — быть очень высокого мнения о ком-л.

to bring into the world — произвести на свет, родить

How goes the world with you? — Как Ваши дела?

- not for all the world

- not of this world
- world without end
- give the world
- begin the world
- know the world
- out of this world 2. прил.
1) всемирный, мировой; охватывающий весь мир

world championship — первенство мира, чемпионат мира

world line-up — расстановка сил в мире

world market — мировой рынок

world outlook / view — мировоззрение, миропонимание

world problems — мировые проблемы

world trade — международная торговля

2) известный во всём мире, распространённый во всём мире

world scientist — учёный с мировым именем

world peace — мир во всём мире

Syn:

worldwide 1.

Англо-русский современный словарь > world
11 scientist

n

ученый

- distinguished scientist

- Federation of American Scientists

- forensic scientist
- leading scientist
- political scientist
- prominent scientist
- social scientist
- top scientists
- world-famous scientist

Politics english-russian dictionary > scientist
12 scientist of world-wide reputation

Общая лексика: известный всему миру учёный, учёный с мировым именем

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > scientist of world-wide reputation
13 world-famous scientist

всемирно известный ученый

Politics english-russian dictionary > world-famous scientist
14 bench scientist

1. кабинетный учёный

a crackpot scientist — спятивший учёный

investigative scientist — пытливый учёный

world scientist — учёный с мировым именем

top-flight scientist — первоклассный учёный

he is a budding scientist — из него выйдет настоящий учёный

2. учёный, работающий в лаборатории

he is poet first, scientist next — он прежде всего поэт, а потом уже учёный

English-Russian base dictionary > bench scientist
15 a scientist of world reputation

Общая лексика: ученый с мировым именем

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > a scientist of world reputation
16 (a) scientist of world-wide reputation

известный всему миру учёный/учёный с мировым именем

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (a) scientist of world-wide reputation
17 reputation

ˌrepju:ˈteɪʃən сущ. репутация;
слава, доброе имя to acquire, establish a reputation ≈ приобретать репутацию to compromise, destroy, ruin, tarnish smb.'s reputation ≈ подмочить, испортить свою репутацию to guard, protect one's reputation ≈ беречь свою репутацию, заботиться о своей репутации to have a reputation for wit ≈ славиться остроумием to know smb. by reputation ≈ знать кого-л. понаслышке, по отзывам to live up to one' reputation ≈ оправдывать свою репутацию to stake one's reputation on smth. ≈ ручаться своей репутацией за что-л. international, worldwide reputation ≈ международная, мировая известность local reputation ≈ известность в данной местности scientist of world-wide reputation ≈ известный всему миру ученый, ученый с мировым именем He had the reputation of being a heavy drinker. ≈ Он считается горьким пьяницей. That judge has a reputation for being fair. ≈ Этот судья известен своей справедливостью. enviable reputation, excellent reputation, fine reputation ≈ завидная, превосходная, безупречная репутация impeccable reputation, spotless reputation, unblemished reputation, unsullied reputation, untarnished reputation ≈ незапятнанная репутация tainted reputation, tarnished reputation, unenviable reputation ≈ запятнанная репутация person of reputation ≈ почтенный человек person of no reputation ≈ темная личность репутация, слава - to be a person of good /of high/ *, to have a good /a high/ * иметь хорошую репутацию - to enjoy a high * пользоваться доброй славой - to have a * for wit славиться остроумием - to know smb. by * знать кого-л. понаслышке - a scientist of world * ученый с мировым именем доброе имя, добрая слава - to live up to one's * не ронять своего доброго имени - she has lost her * она лишилась своего доброго имени - a person of no * темная личность gain ~ завоевать репутацию good ~ хорошая репутация ~ репутация;
слава, доброе имя;
to have a reputation for wit славиться остроумием a person of ~ почтенный человек;
a person of no reputation темная личность a person of ~ почтенный человек;
a person of no reputation темная личность reputation добрая слава ~ доброе имя ~ репутация;
слава, доброе имя;
to have a reputation for wit славиться остроумием ~ репутация a scientist of world-wide ~ известный всему миру ученый, ученый с мировым именем spotless ~ незапятнанная репутация unblemished ~ безупречная репутация

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > reputation
18 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
19 MS

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Mad Scientist, hum. сокр. Mass Spectrometry, множественный склероз

2) Компьютерная техника: Master Slave, Memory Scrubbing, Message Size, Morphy Synthesis, Multiple Stream, Munter System, memory stick, карта памяти

3) Геология: Martensite, Mount Shasta

4) Медицина: митральный стеноз (mitral stenosis), рассеянный склероз (multiple sclerosis), multiple sclerosis (рассеянный склероз)

5) Американизм: Mail Slot

6) Спорт: Men's Soccer, Much Stamina

7) Военный термин: Medical Service, Mess Specialist, Mil Spec, Military Secretary, Military Security, Military Service, Military Stone, Mobile Suit, Modular System, Moral Support, main stage (ракеты), maintenance and service, maintenance service, maintenance squadron, maintenance standard book, maintenance standards, major subject, manufacturing specification, manufacturing standard, master-sergeant, material specification, material support, materiel squadron, materiel support, measuring set, measuring system, medical services, medical staff, medical supplies, medical survey, medium speed, mess sergeant, military science, military specifications, military standard, military survivor, missile site, missile station, missile system, mission simulation, mission simulator, mobile searchlight, mobile system, mobility support

8) Техника: Metal Spiral, Mid Side, magnetic semiconductor, mass splitting, maximum security, mean-square, medium shot, medium strong, message, microsphere, microspheric, mid-shot, midcourse surveillance, mitigation system, moisture separator, more significant, multispectral scanner, обозначение для судовых радиостанций

9) Сельское хозяйство: Machine Stripping

10) Шутливое выражение: Magic Shield, Minions Of Satan, Mohd Sultan, More Shit

11) Химия: Mooney scorch, medium solid (со средним содержанием твёрдых веществ)

12) Математика: Magic Sum, Matrix Scalar, Multi Set, более значащий (more significant), математическая система (mathematical system), мультипликативная система (multiplicative system), средний квадрат (mean square), старший (о разряде)

13) Религия: Mighty Soul, Mighty Spirit

14) Метеорология: Monitoring the Stratosphere

15) Железнодорожный термин: Michigan Shore Railroad Incorporated

16) Юридический термин: Man Stuck, Midnight Special, Most Specific, Mystery Solved, manuscript

17) Бухгалтерия: Money Supply, milestone (научно-исследовательской работы)

18) Астрономия: Main Sequence, Meteor Scatter, Morning Star

19) Ветеринария: Mongrel Soft, Multi Species

20) Грубое выражение: My Scrotum

21) География: Миссисипи (штат США)

22) Музыка: Musical Similarities

23) Телекоммуникации: Modified Service

24) Сокращение: Main Station, Malay, Maritime Surveillance, Master of Science, Measurement Systems Inc. (USA), Message Switch, Metallurgical Society, Methyl Salicylate, Military Secretary, Department of (UK), Military Standards (USA), Minesweeper, Missile Support, Mississippi (US state), Mississippi, Montserrat, MultiSpectral, machine steel, magnetostriction, main switch, maintenance and supply, mark sensing, master schedule, meteorological system, minus, most significant, motor ship, military standard (sheet), Mental Status, Multiple Sclerosis, Egyptair (IATA airline code), Mad Scientist, Magestorm (game), Maggie Simpson, Magical Sword (Legend of Zelda game), Mail Stop, Mail Store, Main Satellite, Main Spring, Main Steam, Maintenance Shelter, Maintenance Shop, Maintenance Standard, Major System, Male Sterile, Mammal Society, Man System (CASI), Management Science, Mandatory Supervision (type of parole), Manganese Steel, Manta Sonica (band), Manual Sweep (Agilent), Manual Switch, Manufacturing Specialist, Manufacturing Strategy, Maple Story (computer game), Mara Salvatrucha (gang), Marge Simpson, Margin of Safety (structural engineering term), Marine Safety, Marine Science Technician, Mariners (Seattle baseball team), Mario Sunshine (video game), Market Segmentation, Market Share, Market Surveillance, Market Survey, Marketing Society, Marking Scheme (examinations), Markov Switching, Marks and Spencer (UK department store), Martin Scorsese (film director), Marus Seru (Everquest), Mass Shareware, Mass Spectroscopy, Mass Storage, Massa, Toscana (Italian province), Master Seaman (Canadian Forces naval rank), Master Shake (cartoon character), Master Smith (bladesmithing), Master Sommelier, Master Sword (Legend of Zelda Game), Master System (Sega), Master of Sports, Master of Surgery, Masters of Science (less common), Matched Set (philately), Maternal Sire, Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil), Matrix Spike, Maybe So, McLean Symphony (McLean, VA), Measurement Signal, Mechanics Service, Media Server, Medical Service Corps, Medical Student, Medical Surgical, Mediterranean Sea, Medium Shot (cinematography), Medium Steel, Meets Standards (school grading system), Mega Sample (Electronic Data Acquisition Systems), Mega Second (1, 000, 000 seconds), Member States (EU), Memory Store (calculator button), Memory System, Memoserv (IRC Memo Server), Merchant Shipping, Merge Specification, Mess Management Specialist (US Navy rating), Message System, Meta Signaling, Metabolic Syndrome, Metal Slug (game), Metal Sonic (gaming character), Meteor Scattering (ham radio), Michael Schumacher (F1 driver), Michael Shanks (actor), Michele Soavi (film director), Michigan Shore Railroad, Michigan Southern Railway, Microprocessor System (AT&T), Microwave Sensor, Microwave Subsystem, Microwave System, Mid-Side (stereo sound recording), Middle School, Midnight Sun (band), Mild Severe (British rock climbing grade), Mildly Susceptible, Milestone, Milieuschadelijkheid (Dutch: environmental harmfulness), Military Shipping, Military Standard/Service/Specification, Milksolids, Millenial Star (LDS Church), Million Samples (sampling rate), Minimal Subtraction, Minimum Stockage, Mint Sheet (of stamps), Mint State (highest quality of coin), Mirage Studios, Mirror Subassembly, MirrorSoft (former game maker), Mirrored System, Missile Squadron, Missile Station (linear measurement reference to key points on a missile), Mission Scanner, Mission Schedule, Mission Specialist, Mission: Space (Epcot, Walt Disney World, Florida), Missionaries of Our Lady of Lasalette (religious order), Mobile Subscriber, Mobile Suit (Gundam World), Mobility Solutions (Lucent), Mobilization Station, Mode Select, Model Station, Moderately Susceptible, Modern Studies (school subject), Module Signaling, Monitor Station, Monitor Statistica, Monitored Seconds, Monitoring Subsystem, Monitoring System, Mono Stereo, Monopolio Statale, More Stuff (polite form), Morgan Stanley (investment bank), Morphine Sulfate, Mother Ship (game), Motor Saw, Motor Signal, Motorschiff (German: motor vessel), Motorschip (Dutch), Mouvement Socialiste (French: Socialist Movement), Multi-Spectral, Multidimensional Scaling, Multilateral Staff, Multiple Elastic Scattering, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada, Multiplex Section, Munchausen's Syndrome, Murashige and Skoog (basal medium), Musculo-Skeletal, Music Scholar (Eton College), Music/Speech (broadcasting), MySpace, Surface Wave Magnitude (formula for measuring earthquakes), Manual Series

25) Университет: Meet Students

26) Физика: Mean Squared, Microphotography Standard, Multi State, Multiple Surface

27) Физиология: Mainstream Smoke, Many Symptoms, Menstrual Syndrome, Minor Surgery, Missing Sense, Morphine Sulphate

28) Вычислительная техника: mirrored server, mobile station, Meta Signaling (ATM, ???), Mobile Station (GSM, Mobile-Systems), MicroSoft (Hersteller, MS), магнитное запоминающее устройство

29) Нефть: metal seal, запас прочности (margin of safety), микросферический (о катализаторе), коэффициент надёжности (margin of safety)

30) Стоматология: механически обработанная поверхность имплантата

31) Транспорт: Multi Speed

32) Пищевая промышленность: Miracle Strength, Moggy Soft

33) Парфюмерия: масс-спектрометрия

34) Фирменный знак: Marks And Spencers, Micro- Switch, Microsoft Systems, Mortgage Servicer

35) Холодильная техника: страна-член ЕС (Member State)

36) СМИ: Math-Science Quest for Solutions, Movie Star, Movie Stills

37) Деловая лексика: Mail For Staff, Marketing Strategy, Minor Setback, Multi Strategy

38) Бурение: магистр наук (Master of Science; точных), метрическая система (metric system)

39) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: mechanical completion, meter station, surface wave (equivalent to MLV)

40) Образование: Millennial Star, ученая степень, Магистр наук. (сокращение от Master of Science)

41) Сетевые технологии: Merchant Server, Microsoft, magnetic storage, main storage, management services, management system, message server, message store

42) Полимеры: margin of safety, maximum stress, medium-soft, mediumshock, metric system, mild steel, molar substitution

43) Автоматика: manufacturing system, mounting surface, move and stop

44) Контроль качества: mean square, military specification

45) Океанография: Microwave Scanner

46) Химическое оружие: Mass selective, Mass spectrometer, Mass spectrometry

47) Авиационная медицина: motion sickness, musculoskeletal system

48) Макаров: multiple scattering

49) Безопасность: Malicious System

50) Расширение файла: Formatted manual page with Microsoft macros, Microsecond, Microsoft Corporation, Modula-3 Intermediate assembly file, Microsoft antivirus report (MSAV), Worksheet (Maple)

51) Нефть и газ: medium pressure steam, metal siding

52) Электротехника: magnetostatic, making switch, master switch

53) Имена и фамилии: Martha Stewart, Michael Schumacher, Mohammed Saber

54) Общественная организация: Mercy Ships

55) Должность: Management Systems, Mathematical Sciences, Mean Salary, Multidisciplinary Studies

56) Чат: Mighty Special

57) Правительство: Mid South

58) Программное обеспечение: Microcomputer Software

59) Хобби: Miniature Smooth, Mint State

60) Федеральное бюро расследований: Missing

61) Единицы измерений: Milli Seconds

62) AMEX. Milestone Scientific, Inc.

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > MS
20 Ms

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Mad Scientist, hum. сокр. Mass Spectrometry, множественный склероз

2) Компьютерная техника: Master Slave, Memory Scrubbing, Message Size, Morphy Synthesis, Multiple Stream, Munter System, memory stick, карта памяти

3) Геология: Martensite, Mount Shasta

4) Медицина: митральный стеноз (mitral stenosis), рассеянный склероз (multiple sclerosis), multiple sclerosis (рассеянный склероз)

5) Американизм: Mail Slot

6) Спорт: Men's Soccer, Much Stamina

7) Военный термин: Medical Service, Mess Specialist, Mil Spec, Military Secretary, Military Security, Military Service, Military Stone, Mobile Suit, Modular System, Moral Support, main stage (ракеты), maintenance and service, maintenance service, maintenance squadron, maintenance standard book, maintenance standards, major subject, manufacturing specification, manufacturing standard, master-sergeant, material specification, material support, materiel squadron, materiel support, measuring set, measuring system, medical services, medical staff, medical supplies, medical survey, medium speed, mess sergeant, military science, military specifications, military standard, military survivor, missile site, missile station, missile system, mission simulation, mission simulator, mobile searchlight, mobile system, mobility support

8) Техника: Metal Spiral, Mid Side, magnetic semiconductor, mass splitting, maximum security, mean-square, medium shot, medium strong, message, microsphere, microspheric, mid-shot, midcourse surveillance, mitigation system, moisture separator, more significant, multispectral scanner, обозначение для судовых радиостанций

9) Сельское хозяйство: Machine Stripping

10) Шутливое выражение: Magic Shield, Minions Of Satan, Mohd Sultan, More Shit

11) Химия: Mooney scorch, medium solid (со средним содержанием твёрдых веществ)

12) Математика: Magic Sum, Matrix Scalar, Multi Set, более значащий (more significant), математическая система (mathematical system), мультипликативная система (multiplicative system), средний квадрат (mean square), старший (о разряде)

13) Религия: Mighty Soul, Mighty Spirit

14) Метеорология: Monitoring the Stratosphere

15) Железнодорожный термин: Michigan Shore Railroad Incorporated

16) Юридический термин: Man Stuck, Midnight Special, Most Specific, Mystery Solved, manuscript

17) Бухгалтерия: Money Supply, milestone (научно-исследовательской работы)

18) Астрономия: Main Sequence, Meteor Scatter, Morning Star

19) Ветеринария: Mongrel Soft, Multi Species

20) Грубое выражение: My Scrotum

21) География: Миссисипи (штат США)

22) Музыка: Musical Similarities

23) Телекоммуникации: Modified Service

24) Сокращение: Main Station, Malay, Maritime Surveillance, Master of Science, Measurement Systems Inc. (USA), Message Switch, Metallurgical Society, Methyl Salicylate, Military Secretary, Department of (UK), Military Standards (USA), Minesweeper, Missile Support, Mississippi (US state), Mississippi, Montserrat, MultiSpectral, machine steel, magnetostriction, main switch, maintenance and supply, mark sensing, master schedule, meteorological system, minus, most significant, motor ship, military standard (sheet), Mental Status, Multiple Sclerosis, Egyptair (IATA airline code), Mad Scientist, Magestorm (game), Maggie Simpson, Magical Sword (Legend of Zelda game), Mail Stop, Mail Store, Main Satellite, Main Spring, Main Steam, Maintenance Shelter, Maintenance Shop, Maintenance Standard, Major System, Male Sterile, Mammal Society, Man System (CASI), Management Science, Mandatory Supervision (type of parole), Manganese Steel, Manta Sonica (band), Manual Sweep (Agilent), Manual Switch, Manufacturing Specialist, Manufacturing Strategy, Maple Story (computer game), Mara Salvatrucha (gang), Marge Simpson, Margin of Safety (structural engineering term), Marine Safety, Marine Science Technician, Mariners (Seattle baseball team), Mario Sunshine (video game), Market Segmentation, Market Share, Market Surveillance, Market Survey, Marketing Society, Marking Scheme (examinations), Markov Switching, Marks and Spencer (UK department store), Martin Scorsese (film director), Marus Seru (Everquest), Mass Shareware, Mass Spectroscopy, Mass Storage, Massa, Toscana (Italian province), Master Seaman (Canadian Forces naval rank), Master Shake (cartoon character), Master Smith (bladesmithing), Master Sommelier, Master Sword (Legend of Zelda Game), Master System (Sega), Master of Sports, Master of Surgery, Masters of Science (less common), Matched Set (philately), Maternal Sire, Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil), Matrix Spike, Maybe So, McLean Symphony (McLean, VA), Measurement Signal, Mechanics Service, Media Server, Medical Service Corps, Medical Student, Medical Surgical, Mediterranean Sea, Medium Shot (cinematography), Medium Steel, Meets Standards (school grading system), Mega Sample (Electronic Data Acquisition Systems), Mega Second (1, 000, 000 seconds), Member States (EU), Memory Store (calculator button), Memory System, Memoserv (IRC Memo Server), Merchant Shipping, Merge Specification, Mess Management Specialist (US Navy rating), Message System, Meta Signaling, Metabolic Syndrome, Metal Slug (game), Metal Sonic (gaming character), Meteor Scattering (ham radio), Michael Schumacher (F1 driver), Michael Shanks (actor), Michele Soavi (film director), Michigan Shore Railroad, Michigan Southern Railway, Microprocessor System (AT&T), Microwave Sensor, Microwave Subsystem, Microwave System, Mid-Side (stereo sound recording), Middle School, Midnight Sun (band), Mild Severe (British rock climbing grade), Mildly Susceptible, Milestone, Milieuschadelijkheid (Dutch: environmental harmfulness), Military Shipping, Military Standard/Service/Specification, Milksolids, Millenial Star (LDS Church), Million Samples (sampling rate), Minimal Subtraction, Minimum Stockage, Mint Sheet (of stamps), Mint State (highest quality of coin), Mirage Studios, Mirror Subassembly, MirrorSoft (former game maker), Mirrored System, Missile Squadron, Missile Station (linear measurement reference to key points on a missile), Mission Scanner, Mission Schedule, Mission Specialist, Mission: Space (Epcot, Walt Disney World, Florida), Missionaries of Our Lady of Lasalette (religious order), Mobile Subscriber, Mobile Suit (Gundam World), Mobility Solutions (Lucent), Mobilization Station, Mode Select, Model Station, Moderately Susceptible, Modern Studies (school subject), Module Signaling, Monitor Station, Monitor Statistica, Monitored Seconds, Monitoring Subsystem, Monitoring System, Mono Stereo, Monopolio Statale, More Stuff (polite form), Morgan Stanley (investment bank), Morphine Sulfate, Mother Ship (game), Motor Saw, Motor Signal, Motorschiff (German: motor vessel), Motorschip (Dutch), Mouvement Socialiste (French: Socialist Movement), Multi-Spectral, Multidimensional Scaling, Multilateral Staff, Multiple Elastic Scattering, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada, Multiplex Section, Munchausen's Syndrome, Murashige and Skoog (basal medium), Musculo-Skeletal, Music Scholar (Eton College), Music/Speech (broadcasting), MySpace, Surface Wave Magnitude (formula for measuring earthquakes), Manual Series

25) Университет: Meet Students

26) Физика: Mean Squared, Microphotography Standard, Multi State, Multiple Surface

27) Физиология: Mainstream Smoke, Many Symptoms, Menstrual Syndrome, Minor Surgery, Missing Sense, Morphine Sulphate

28) Вычислительная техника: mirrored server, mobile station, Meta Signaling (ATM, ???), Mobile Station (GSM, Mobile-Systems), MicroSoft (Hersteller, MS), магнитное запоминающее устройство

29) Нефть: metal seal, запас прочности (margin of safety), микросферический (о катализаторе), коэффициент надёжности (margin of safety)

30) Стоматология: механически обработанная поверхность имплантата

31) Транспорт: Multi Speed

32) Пищевая промышленность: Miracle Strength, Moggy Soft

33) Парфюмерия: масс-спектрометрия

34) Фирменный знак: Marks And Spencers, Micro- Switch, Microsoft Systems, Mortgage Servicer

35) Холодильная техника: страна-член ЕС (Member State)

36) СМИ: Math-Science Quest for Solutions, Movie Star, Movie Stills

37) Деловая лексика: Mail For Staff, Marketing Strategy, Minor Setback, Multi Strategy

38) Бурение: магистр наук (Master of Science; точных), метрическая система (metric system)

39) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: mechanical completion, meter station, surface wave (equivalent to MLV)

40) Образование: Millennial Star, ученая степень, Магистр наук. (сокращение от Master of Science)

41) Сетевые технологии: Merchant Server, Microsoft, magnetic storage, main storage, management services, management system, message server, message store

42) Полимеры: margin of safety, maximum stress, medium-soft, mediumshock, metric system, mild steel, molar substitution

43) Автоматика: manufacturing system, mounting surface, move and stop

44) Контроль качества: mean square, military specification

45) Океанография: Microwave Scanner

46) Химическое оружие: Mass selective, Mass spectrometer, Mass spectrometry

47) Авиационная медицина: motion sickness, musculoskeletal system

48) Макаров: multiple scattering

49) Безопасность: Malicious System

50) Расширение файла: Formatted manual page with Microsoft macros, Microsecond, Microsoft Corporation, Modula-3 Intermediate assembly file, Microsoft antivirus report (MSAV), Worksheet (Maple)

51) Нефть и газ: medium pressure steam, metal siding

52) Электротехника: magnetostatic, making switch, master switch

53) Имена и фамилии: Martha Stewart, Michael Schumacher, Mohammed Saber

54) Общественная организация: Mercy Ships

55) Должность: Management Systems, Mathematical Sciences, Mean Salary, Multidisciplinary Studies

56) Чат: Mighty Special

57) Правительство: Mid South

58) Программное обеспечение: Microcomputer Software

59) Хобби: Miniature Smooth, Mint State

60) Федеральное бюро расследований: Missing

61) Единицы измерений: Milli Seconds

62) AMEX. Milestone Scientific, Inc.

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ms

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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Scientist (musicien) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Scientist. Scientist Nom Hopeton Brown Naissance 1960 Kingston … Wikipédia en Français
Scientist Rids the World of the Evil Curse of the Vampires — Infobox Album | Name = Scientist Rids the World of the Evil Curse of the Vampires Type = Album Artist = Scientist Released = 1981 Recorded = June 13, 1981 Genre = Dub Length = 37:37 Label = Greensleeves Producer = Henry Junjo Lawes Reviews = *… … Wikipedia

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